ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the association between non-school sedentary time and myopia among primary and secondary school students with different levels of physical activity, so as to provide data for precise measures to prevent and control myopia.@*Methods@#From September to December 2019, stratified cluster sampling was used to select 7 872 primary and secondary students in grades 4 to 12, middle and high school students from Hefei, Suzhou, Chizhou and Wuhu Cities in Anhui Province. Face-to-face questionnaires and vision examinations were conducted to collect demographic information, physical activity time, sedentary study time and visual health status. Potential categories were analyzed for different types of physical activity time, and Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between non-school sedentary time and myopia at different levels of physical activity.@*Results@#A total of 2 976 primary and secondary school students were found with high physical activity levels and 4 896 primary and secondary school students with low physical activity levels. The proportion of low physical activity was higher in girls than in boys (68.7% vs . 55.6%), and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2=143.97, P <0.01). The overall screening myopia rate was 48.2%, with statistically significant differences among female students (53.0%) compared with male students (43.3%), urban students ( 51.8 %) compared with rural students (44.5%), and longer non-school sedentary time students (60.6%) compared with average (45.1%) and shorter (42.1%) non-school sedentary time students, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2=73.15, 41.96 , 161.74, P <0.01). Adjusting for confounders such as residence, grade, gender, age, father s education, mother s education, and body mass index (BMI), multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that prolonged after-school sedentary study was positivety correlated with myopia among primary and secondary school students of low physical activity levels ( OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.27-1.83, P <0.01), and there was no statistical association between after-school sedentary time and myopia in primary and secondary school students with high physical activity levels ( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#Attention should be paid to non-school sedentary time for primary and secondary school students with low physical activity levels. And students who spend a lot of time sitting outside of school should be encouraged to maintain high physical activity levels to reduce the risk of myopia.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the dietary preference and nutritional knowledge needs of the elderly people who dined at meal service sites. MethodsUsing the form of stratified and convenience sampling method with self-designed questionnaire was used， in November 2021， to select 700 elderly people who dine at meal service sites in 7 jurisdictions in Shanghai were selected， and a self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic information. Results91.64% of the elderly surveyed would eat at relatively fixed meal service sites， and the total Dietary Diversity Score （DDS9） was 3.56±1.46. 41.45% of the elderly with diseases preferred unhealthy cooking methods. Only 8.03% of the surveyed seniors said they were unwilling to accept targeted and personalized nutrition tips and reminders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the probability reaching the “understanding” level of “Food Guide Pagoda for Chinese Residents” and “Four Principles Recommended by the Core Dietary Guidelines for the Elderly” was different in the elderly with different education levels. The willingness of the elderly to expect to receive different nutrition tips and reminders was related to whether they cared about the corresponding contents. There was a statistically significant difference （P<0.05） among the elderly who were concerned about different health problems in terms of the willingness to receive different nutritional tips. There were significant differences in the proportion of elderly people with different health status for intervention （χ2=5.402， P<0.05）. ConclusionThe elderly who dine at meal service sites are highly dependent on the sites， have a low level of dietary diversification， and do not have a high degree of understanding of nutrition-related knowledge， and have a high demand for targeted nutritional interventions. Nutritional interventions for the sick elderly should be piloted through multiple channels.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the MRI features of medulloblastoma (MB) in children, and screen out the key signs that can predict the risk of MB before surgery.Methods:Clinical and radiological data of 62 children with MB confirmed by pathology in Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from December 2012 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the diagnosis and treatment guidelines for children with MB (2021 edition), the patients were divided into standard risk group (43 cases) and high risk group (19 cases). MRI features of MB were observed and recorded, including tumor site, location of tumor center, tumor morphology, signal intensity of T 1WI, T 2WI and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), enhancement pattern, cystic lesion size, location and number, peritumoral edema and hydrocephalus, and the maximum diameter of tumor was measured. The χ 2 test or Fisher exact probability method was used to compare the differences in age, gender and MRI signs between the two groups. The t test of two independent samples was used to compare the differences in the maximum diameter of tumors between the two groups. The indicators with statistically significant differences were included in binary logistic regression analysis to obtain independent influencing factors associated with the risk groups. The receiver operation characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. Results:There were significant differences in age ( P=0.026), enhancement pattern ( P=0.018), cystic lesion size ( P=0.005), location ( P=0.011) and number ( P=0.003) between standard risk group and high risk group. There were no significant differences in gender, tumor site, location of tumor center, tumor morphology, signal intensity of T 1WI, T 2WI and DWI, peritumoral edema, hydrocephalus and maximum diameter of tumor between the two groups ( P>0.05). Binary logistic regression results showed the age (OR=0.207, 95%CI 0.040-0.983, P=0.042) and the number of cystic lesions (OR=0.215, 95%CI 0.073-0.630, P=0.005) were the protective factors for MB in high risk group, the enhancement pattern Ⅲ (OR=5.226, 95%CI 1.516-52.920, P=0.048) was the dangerous factor for MB in high risk group. The area under the curve of the combined diagnosis of high risk MB was 0.845 (95%CI 0.741-0.949). Conclusions:The age and MRI signs the pattern of tumor enhancement Ⅲ and the number of cystic lesion can be used to predict the risk grouping of MB preoperatively. When the child is younger and MB enhancement pattern is mainly peripheral enhancement without obvious cystic change, it may indicate high risk MB.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze and evaluate the mental health of students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide a reference for conducting mental health education in schools.@*Methods@#A total of 18 867 students aged 9-22 were enrolled from 65 primary and secondary schools and 4 universities in Inner Mongolia that participated in the 2019 National Students Physical Fitness and Health Survey. From September to November 2019, in conjunction with the national student physical health survey, a questionnaire survey of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale(K10) was carried out.@*Results@#The K10 average score of the survey subjects was (21.96±8.67). The score of the Mongolian nationality(22.57±8.59) was higher than that of the Han nationality(21.53 ±8.70)( t =8.18), the score of rural area (22.42±8.32) was higher than that of the urban area(21.40±9.05)( t = 8.04 ), the primary school students had the lowest score (19.56±8.61) and the senior high school students had the highest score(23.30±8.75)( F =183.26)( P <0.01). In the overall survey subjects, the detection rates of the four levels in good, fair, poor and poor mental health were 25.62%, 28.82%, 26.44% and 19.12%, respectively, and the detection rate of psychological problems was 45.57%. The comparison of the detection rates of mental health problems among attributes showed that the rates of the Han and Mongolian nationalities were 43.27% and 48.85%, respectively( χ 2=101.25); the rates of urban and rural areas were 41.70% and 48.80%, respectively( χ 2=183.44); the rates of the male and the female were 44.88% and 46.26%, respectively( χ 2=19.24)( P < 0.01 ). The prevalence psychological problems among students in primary school, junior high school, senior high school and college were 33.60 %, 49.78%, 52.85% and 47.43%, respectively( χ 2=803.63, P <0.01). Multiple linear regression showed that the detection of psychological problems of Mongolian nationality, urban area, the female and high school students was relatively high. Nationality, urban or rural areas and school stages were the influencing factors of K10 scores[ B(B 95%CI )=0.78(0.05-1.04),0.81( 0.06- 1.06),0.93(0.08-1.03), P <0.05)].@*Conclusion@#Mental health problems are prevalent in adolescents in Inner Mongolia. The government, society, parents and schools should pay more attention to the construction of the software and hardware environment of students mental health, strengthen mental health education and services, and effectively promote the development of students mental health.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To simplify the psychological domain of Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents (MSQA),which includes 39 items and develop the Brief Instrument On Psychological Health of Youths(BIOPHY), as well as to evaluate the predictive validity of the BIOPHY.@*Methods@#A total of 14 221 students were recruited from Shenyang,Xinxiang,Guangzhou,and Chongqing by using multistage stratified cluster random sampling to participate in the study. A combination of item analysis,factor analysis and reliability evaluation were used to screen items and evaluate the questionnaire. Meantime, data from 14 500 adolescents from Shenzhen,Nanchang,Zhengzhou and Guiyang in 2017 were used to develop a cut-off point and to evaluate its predictive validity.@*Results@#On the basis of item analysis,BIOPHY consisted of 15 items. Variance cumulative contribution rate was 57.39%; internal consistency test showed that the total questionnaire Cronbach α coefficient was 0.928. The split-half coefficient of the total questionnaire was 0.909. The 90th percentile of total scores was used as the cutoff point of BIOPHY. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that students with psychological health symptoms were at significantly higher risk of depressive symptoms (OR=10.53,95%CI=9.28-11.94),suicide ideations (OR=5.77,95%CI=5.15-6.46),suicide plans (OR=6.09,95%CI=5.39-6.89) and suicide attempts (OR=4.80,95%CI=4.04-5.69) than normal counterparts.@*Conclusion@#The BIOPHY is consistent with the evaluation standard of psychometrics. The predictive validity of BIOPHY is good and could be used in the future researches focusing on adolescent mental health.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#The aim of this paper is to understand the prevalence of smoking behavior among middle school students and to analyze the impact of childhood abuse experience on smoking behavior of middle school students.@*Methods@#Stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 14 500 middle school students from Shenzhen, Zhengzhou, Nanchang and Guiyang as participants. A multivariate logistic regression model was established to analyze the effects of childhood abuse on smoking behavior among middle school students.@*Results@#The rate of smoking behavior among middle school students was 3.6%, male students (5.8%) were higher than female students (1.4%), senior high school (5.0%) was higher than junior high school (2.3%), and rural (6.0%) was higher than urban (2.8%). The differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). Those exposed to high-level of various types of childhood abuse had a higher rate of smoking behavior than those with low levels. Multivariate Logistic regression models showed that emotional abuse(OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.38-2.07), physical abuse(OR=2.17, 95%CI=1.78-2.64), sexual abuse(OR=2.56, 95%CI=2.10-3.12), emotional neglect(OR=2.27, 95%CI=1.89-2.74), physical neglect (OR=2.21, 95%CI=1.83-2.67) and childhood abuse experience (OR=2.66, 95%CI=2.21-3.21) increased the risk of smoking among middle school students independently(P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Childhood abuse is closely assoliated with smoking behavior among middle school students. Strengthening the importance and intervention of childhood abuse is beneficial to the prevention and control of smoking behavior among middle school students.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the effects of different concentrations of MgSiF6 as electrolyte on the bond strength between titanium and porcelain after micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment and screen the suitable concentration of MgSiF6 that can improve the bond strength between titanium and porcelain.@*Methods@#Four different concentrations of MgSiF6 (10, 20, 30, 40 g/L) were chosen as MAO reaction solutions. Sandblasting treatment was selected as a control group. After porcelain was fused to each specimen, titanium-porcelain bond strengths were evaluated by the three-point bending test according to ISO 9693. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were adopted to evaluate the morphologies and elemental compositions of both the MAO coatings and the interfaces of the titanium-porcelain restoration.@*Results@#The surface of titanium specimen in the control group was sharp and rough, while specimens in both 10 g/L group and 20 g/L group were porous and homogeneous. However, the pores found on the specimens in the latter group were larger in diameter (approximately 1.0-2.0 μm) than those on the former one (0.2-0.5 μm). The bond strengths of the control group and the experimental groups (10, 20, 30, 40 g/L MgSiF6) were (27.08±3.16), (38.18±2.65), (44.75±2.21), (36.44±2.04), (31.04±2.59) MPa, respectively. All the experimental groups showed higher bond strengths than the control group did (P<0.05), and the bond strength of 20 g/L MgSiF6 group was significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<0.05). Besides, the interfaces between titanium and porcelain were tight and compact in the 20 g/L group, while different amounts of pores and cracks were visible in the other groups. Additionally, after the three-point bending test, few residual porcelains could be observed on the surfaces of specimens in the control group.@*Conclusions@#MAO treatment with 20 g/L MgSiF6 on titanium can improve bonding strength between titanium and porcelain.
ABSTRACT
Thyroid dysfunction refers to the abnormality of thyroid hormone in the blood circulation .Hyper-thyroidism and hypothyroidism are the main clinical factors .Thyroid hormone can accelerate degradation of insulin , and can reduce the sensitivity of the organism (including the liver and peripheral tissues ) to insulin,moreover,thyroid hormone still can adjust the function of islet beta cells .Some studies have pointed out that the disorder of thyroid hormone has a certain influence on the incidence of insulin resistance .The purpose of this paper is to review the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and insulin resistance .
ABSTRACT
Objective To improve the diagnostic and therapeutic ability of Brucellosis by analyzing the epidemic and clinical characteristics.Methods A retrospective analysis was done on the data of Brucellosis patients treated in our hospital from 2007 to 2016.Results Since the first case was diagnosed in 2012,27 patients [19 male and 8 female,mean age (44.4 ± 16.9) years] were confirmed by clinical manifestations and positive bacterial cultures results.The annual number of cases from 2012 to 2016 was 1,1,6,4 and 15.Among them,10 cases (37.0％) had a history of close contact with goat,7 cases (25.9％)with raw mutton,1 case (3.7％) with raw beef and 1 case (3.7％) with suspicious laboratory contamination while 8 cases (29.6％) had no evident risk factors for Brucellosis.The common clinical manifestation included fever (81.5％),lumbago/joint pain (55.6％),fatigue (33.3％) and hyperhidrosis (22.2％).The white blood cell count was normal among 20 cases (74.1％) while 6 cases (22.2％) with leukopenia.Mild to moderate anemia in 20 cases (74.1％) and decreased platelet number in 4 case (14.8％).The percentage of elevated alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase was 32.0％,48.0％ and 100％,respectively.Decreased albumin level was found in 23 cases (92.0％).The percentage of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),C-reactive protein and serum ferritin 75.0％,82.3％ and 77.8％,respectively,while 12 cases (85.7％) with procalcitonin level below 0.5 ng/L.According to follow-up for at least half year,all the cases were cured by active medical management.Conclusions The number of Brucellosis cases is rapidly increasing in our hospital.It's of great significance to know the epidemic and clinical characteristics of Brucellosis.
ABSTRACT
In order to advance the public hospital reform, the performance tests and management were strengthened to promote the rapid development of the hospital. The status of average daily bed ocupation, the number of outpatients and the natural birth rate increased while the drug proportion declined. Some departments were the top level in Hebei, departments of gynaecology and pediatrics were in the leading level in Tangshan.
ABSTRACT
Objeaive To study the value ofvideo-electroencephalography(VEEG) for the diagnosis of children with non-epileptic seizures (NES).Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out in 280 patients with NES diagnosed by VEEG surveillance.All the patients underwent routine electroencephalography (EEG),VEEG,CT and MRI examination.Results Routine EEG was normal in 183 cases,and abnormal in 97 cases.VEEG recording was normal in 207 cases(73.9％,207/280),and abnormal in 73 cases(26.1％,73/280).The somatic NES was in 210 cases (75.0％,210/280),and psychogenic NES was in 70 cases (25.0％,70/280).NES combined with epilepsy were in 22 cases,MRI found 20 cases (90.9％,20/22) and head CT found 14 cases (63.6％,14/22).In the combined diagnosis,MRI was higher than CT in detecting focus (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions VEEG is the important means of diagnosing children with NES,which is also important to differentiate with epilepsy.Combined with cranial imaging studies,it improves the identification of abnormal discharge and epilepsy,and further reveals the structural features of the epileptic discharge lesions is an important qualitative means of epilepsy etiological diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the value of video electroencephalogram (VEEG) and brain imaging in diagnosis of epilepsy.Methods The routine electroencephalogram (REEG),VEEG,brain MRI and CT results of 112 patients with epilepsy were compared.Results In 112 epilepsy patients,39 patients (34.8％) showed epileptic focus in REEG,and 87 patients (77.7％) showed epileptic focus in VEEG.Seventy patients (62.5％) revealed lesions by brain MRI examination,37 patients (33.0％) revealed lesions by brain CT examination.Focal abnormal rate of brain MRI examination had significant difference between focal discharge patients and diffuse discharge patients [58.9％ (43/73) vs.21.4％ (3/14)] (P ＜0.01).Positioning accuracy had significant difference between temporal lobe discharge and outside temporal lobe discharge [53.1％(17/32) vs.26.8％(11/41)](P＜ 0.01).Conclusions Rate of epileptic discharge found by VEEG is significantly higher than that by REEG.Brain MRI displays epileptic discharge lesions better than brain CT,and MPd is an important method to find epileptic focus localization.It has a certain relationship between these two methods.It has a very important significance to combine with both methods in diagnosis of epilepsy.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relapse type pediatric primary nephrotic syndrome happened related influencing factors,and to provide the reference of the clinical prevention and control.Methods Participants included 120 cases of primary nephrotic syndrome patients,according to its whether for relapse type divided into two groups,a detailed record of two groups of patients with basic information,the application of multiple factors regression analysis with factor analysis.Results 120 cases of primary nephrotic syndrome in children with 20 cases follow-up of 1 year relapse occurred,the recurrence rate was 16.7％.Single factor analysis results show that repeated infection,use of albumin was 2 times,use short treatment,the serum albumin level and IgG levels and relapse type pediatric primary nephrotic syndrome happened there was a close correlation,there was difference between the two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Multiple factors analysis results showed that repeated infection,use of albumin was 2 times and the low level of albumin is cause recrudesce type pediatric primary nephrotic syndrome happened independent risk factors (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Pediatric primary nephrotic syndrome recurrence occurred independent risk factors include repeated infection,use of albumin was 2 times and albumin level is low,in the clinical work for the above can intervention risk factors necessary intervention has important meaning,can reduce the risk of recurrence of children.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the clinical effect of interferon aerpsp; in the treatment of pediatric viral upper respiratory tract infection disease.Methods 60 children with upper respiratory tract infection were divided randomly into two groups.The observation group were treated with interferon-α1b high atomization treatment of patients in the control group,with ribavirin injection treatment,two groups of patients were treated for 7 days.After a comparison of clinical outcomes.Results The total efficiency of the observation group was 90％,which was significantly higher than that of the control group(70％) (x2 =5.684,P ＜0.05) ; The fever retrcating time in observation group was (16.39 ± 5.34) h,whichwas significantly shorter than that in control group[(16.39 ± 5.34) h] (t =3.584,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion For children virus upper respiratory tract infection treated by interferon treatment,atomization,having remarkable curative effect,and can effectively reduce the adverse reaction,enhance safety,clinical is a recommendable method.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the significance of video-electroencephalography (VEEG)monitoring in the diagnosis of pediatric epilepsy.Methods One hundred and twenty patients undiagnosed pediatric epilepsy were under VEEG and conventional electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring,comparative analysis of these two results,and application of VEEG to determine the type of children with seizure.Results Conventional EEG monitoring detected the clinical onset of 21 cases (17.5％,21/120),epileptiform discharges of 30 cases (25.0％,30/120).VEEG monitoring detected the clinical onset of 55 cases (45.8％,55/120),epileptiform discharges of 89 cases (74.2％,89/120).There was significant difference in the monitoring results between two methods (P ＜0.05).VEEG monitoring of 120 patients undiagnosed pediatric epilepsy,final diagnosis of 87 cases with pediatric epilepsy,and the type were tonic and (or) clonic seizures 25 cases,simple partial seizures 13 cases,breath holding attacks 9 cases,absence petit mal 18 cases,complex partial seizures 10 cases,myoclonic seizures 12 cases.Conclusion VEEG has high sensitivity for the diagnosis of pediatric epilepsy,and can determine the type of seizures to provide help for the treatment.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the potential therapeutic effect of potassium antimonyl tartrate (PAT) on human colon cancer in transplanted tumor nude mice models. MethodsSixty transplanted animal models were constructed with colon cancer cell line SW480 injected in nude mice. Nude mice were then random divided into 4 groups ( n = 15) :Normal saline group, 5-Fu group and different dose of PAT groups [ (20 mg/( Kg · d) ,40 mg/( Kg · d) ]. The volume of mass was measured every 3 days. After final-administration for 24 hours, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of PCNA in colon cancer cells. ResultsAfter the use of PAT, the growth of mass slowed down. PCNA levels [ (63. 63 ±8. 88)％ ,(59. 13 ±6. 15)％ ,(33. 38 ± 12. 76)％ ] in SW480 cells was reduced by PAT( P <0. 05, P <0. 01 ). ConclusionPAT potentially inhibited the growth of colon cell lines and induced apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer cells.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the expression of HIF-1 and VEGF and the correlation with pathological score of synovium in adjuvant-induce-arthritis rat knee joint.Methods: Models of adjuvant arthritis(AA)in rats were made successfully, the arthral pathological score was calculated, production of HIF-1α and VEGF protein was assayed by histoimmunchemical staining at different stage after CFA inoculation.Results:The HIF-1α and VEGF concentration in experimental group were higher than that in control group, and there was significant difference (P＜0.01).And correlation between them was significantly(P＜0.01), similar with pathological score of synovium(P＜0.01).Conclusion:HIF-1α and VEGF play important roles in the development and progression of synovium of knee joint in AA rat.The interaction of them promote development and progression of neonatal vascular in synovium.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To establish a HPLC method for determining the content of fluvastatin sodium in fluvastatin sodium extended-release tablets. METHODS:An Agilent SB-C18 column was used and the mobile phase was CH3CN-0.1% phosphate acid, 50∶50. Flow rate was 1mL?min-1, wavelength was 234nm and the sample size was 20?L. RESULTS:The fluvastatin sodium concentration had good liner relationship from 4.84～96.8?g?mL-1(r=0.999 9), and the average recovery was 100.1%,RSD=0.9%. CONCLUSION:This method was simple, fast, accurate, and precise, could be used to determine content in fluvastatin sodium extended-release tablets.
ABSTRACT
Background and purpose:Both very important therapeutic targets of NSCLC,vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR),are over expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).The aim of this study was to discuss the expression of VEGF and EGFR in NSCLC as well as its clinical significance.Methods:The expression of VEGF and EGFR was detected in 186 NSCLC samples using the immunohistochemical method.The expression of VEGF and VEGR in NSCLC patients with various pathological characteristics was observed and the correlation between them was analyzed.Results:The expression of VEGF in NSCLC was correlated with lymph node metastasis (P
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To explore the drug resistance rate and risk factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against ceftazidime in a certain hospital,and provide scientific basis for preventing the P.aeruginosa infections.METHODS A total of 109 P.aeruginosa strains,which were isolated from sputum cultures in patients in a certain hospital in 2005,were identified with VITEK GNI+ automation system.The possible risk factors and underlying diseases were investigated by reviewing patients′ medical records.Multiple Logistic regression models were used for statistical analyses by SPSS software(13.0).RESULTS The resistant ratios against ceftazidime was 38.5%.P.aeruginosa resistant ratios in ICU and the neurosurgery ward were 78.57% and 54.84%,respectively,and higher than others.Treatment days before infection in hospital(over two days),staying at the ICU or neurosurgery ward,using breathing machine,were associated with the sensitivity to ceftazidime for P.aeruginosa.CONCLUSIONS In order to prevent and reduce the drug resistant ratios for P.aeruginosa,we should pay more attention to the patients admitted in ICU and neurosurgery wards.Risk factors,such as treatment days in hospital,living in different wards and using breathing machine,were associated with the resistant ratios for P.aeruginosa against ceftazidime.